On 4 October 1991, the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Madrid Protocol) was signed in Madrid. This protocol was created in response to the need to increase the protection of the Antarctic environment and its dependent and associated ecosystems. The protocol designates Antarctica as a "natural reserve devoted to peace and science" (Article 2). Article 3 sets out the basic principles applicable to human activities in Antarctica.
The protocol has six annexes. Annex II prohibits the collection of or harmful interference with flora and fauna indigenous to the Antarctic Treaty Area, while Annex V states that any area, including a marine area, may be designated as Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPAs) or Antarctic Specially Managed Areas (ASMAs). In such areas, activities are prohibited, restricted or managed according to adopted management plans.
The protocol established the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) as a panel of experts to provide advice and issue recommendations to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) on the implementation of the protocol. The CEP meets annually in conjunction with the ATCM.